Faculty of Social Sciences

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Browsing Faculty of Social Sciences by Author "Djayadi Hanan"

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    Islamic terrorism, the consequence of foreign intervention in the Muslim world : the cases of ASL and ISIS
    (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2023) Khelfa, Nouha; Djayadi Hanan; Jamhari Ma’ruf
    Although there is significant available literature on the study of the origins of Islamic-inspired terrorism, little is known about the origins of the Islamic State in Syria, and Ansar Sharia in Libya, and this is a gap that this study will attempt to fill. In addition, the two existing streams of IR theory on terrorism: Traditionalism and CTS lack analytical and problem-solving power, respectively. This study, therefore, will attempt to synthesize insights from both schools of thought to overcome their weaknesses and combine their strengths. This study aims to explain the origins of Islamic terrorism by using the narrative approach to collect data and process tracing and the organizational theory as a methodology. This study argues that foreign intervention, whether direct or indirect, in the Muslim World, causes state breakdown and subsequent failures in the areas of economy, defense, and ideology, leading to the rise of terrorist groups. This study only focuses on two case studies that are rarely investigated: the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), with a focus on Syria, and Ansar Al-Sharia in Libya (ASL). The results show that indirect foreign intervention of the United States and Russia in Syria in 2011 onward led to the social construction of sectarianism in the country, turning the Arab Spring into a sectarian civil war. This latter would lead to the state deconstruction that would lead to the creation of different insurgent groups, including ISIS. The direct military intervention of NATO in Libya in 2011 would lead to the transformation of the Arab Spring into the First Libyan Civil War, causing the dissolution of different state institutions, including the army, and creating different militia groups, among which is ASL.
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    The paradox of kiai politics (Role of kiai in the 2019 presidental election in Madura)
    (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2023) Masduri; Djayadi Hanan; A'an Suryana
    Jokowi-Ma'ruf's defeat and Prabowo-Sandi's victory in Madura in the 2019 presidential election cannot be separated from the political role of the kiai. The kiai is included in the cosmological figures, Bhuppa Bhabhu, Ghuru and Rato (Father-Mother, Teacher and King), who are highly respected by the Madurese people. The kiai is the representation of the teacher, whose teachings and orders must be obeyed by the santri (students) or society in general. For this reason, the political choice of kiai in Madura in the 2019 presidential election influenced the choices of many santri and voters in general. What happened in Madura emphasizes the concept of the "selectorate" (Mesquita et al, 2003) in electoral political contestation, which can influence the composition of the ruling coalition and the population in a broader sense, as well as voters in a special sense. The kiai's strategy, support and active involvement will determine the position and victory of the candidate he supports. Even though in the 2019 presidential election there was a cultural paradox of kiai politics, where the Jokowi-Ma'ruf candidate pair, who represented the kiai and NU, lost in Madura, which is a base of the kiai and NU. This paradox occurs because of at least four things, the issue of identity politics (1), the domination of social media (2), the influence of political ideology (3), and the political aggressiveness of the kiai (4). There is obvious Islamic devotion in the Madurese community, where candidates who are supported by the majority of the habaib and kiai receive much greater support than candidates from the kiai themselves or the NU structural representation.
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    Timor-Leste’s interest in joining ASEAN : challenges and benefits
    (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2024) Freitas, Manuel Jerónimo; Djayadi Hanan; Rifqi Muna
    Since 2011, Timor-Leste has been persistently seeking ASEAN membership because of its aspirations for greater national identity within the region, political stability, and economic advantages. However, the country has yet to attain full membership despite ongoing efforts. This study looks at the reasons behind TimorLeste's bid, the difficulties it confronts, and how ASEAN members feel about its admission. The study is based on a constructivist paradigm, emphasizing how social interactions, ideas, and norms shape regional dynamics and integration processes. Using secondary data sources from government documents, media stories, and scholarly literature, this study uses qualitative approaches. Thematic analysis is employed to find trends regarding the reasons for, difficulties encountered, and advantages of Timor-Leste's ASEAN membership. Important conclusions include that Timor-Leste has several obstacles, even if the country is driven by the possibility of increased political stability, economic progress, and strengthening ofregional identity. These obstacles include the need for significant outside assistance,diplomatic initiatives, political instability, and problems with governance. The ASEAN norms significantly impact the integration process, particularly respect forsovereignty and non-interference.
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    Transactional leadership style in political context : exploring Jokowi's approach and its implications for political finance transparency
    (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2024) Fahri Badina Nur; Djayadi Hanan; Testriono
    How does President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo’s transactional leadership style affect the implementation of Political Finance Transparency (PFT)? Previous findings show that Indonesia's PFT is weak due to weak transparency and accountability principles, weak human resources, and a lack of integrity. However, why there has been no real change in terms of strong implementation is still not fully explained. This study aims to add to this void and investigate the variables of Jokowi's transactional leadership style on the weak implementation of PFT in Indonesia. The findings show that Jokowi's transaction with oligarchs and party elites has led to the weak implementation of the PFT. This study uses a qualitative research method through a literature review; analyses of primary and secondary data sources is used to answer this question.
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    Unravelling the dynamics of authoritarian strategies : a comparative study of Suharto’s new order in Indonesia and Jammeh’s rule in the Gambia
    (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2024) Bah, Musa; Gde Dwitya Arief Metera; Djayadi Hanan
    The dynamics of authoritarian power consolidation is receiving more attention today than it has ever been before as a result of rising authoritarianism and democratic backsliding. However, there exists an undertheorized and variations on autocrat’s decision calculus for prioritizing repression over co-optation, vice versa. Drawing from this, I make two assumptions that state: 1. Low resource endowment leads to high repression, and 2. High resource endowment leads to low repression and high co-optation. To understand this phenomenon, I compared Yahya Jammeh (1994–2016) in the Gambia (a low resource authoritarian regime) and Suharto (1966–1998) in Indonesia (a high resource authoritarian regime). I used the Gambian case (1994-2016) to explain the first assumption, and the second assumption is examined using the case of Indonesia (1965-1998). By observation, both regimes on the surface appear similar as both were military juntas in Muslimmajority countries. However, the literature shows that their authoritarian strategies and tactics varied in profoundly – Jammeh primarily imposed repression as strategy, whereas Suharto was inclined more towards co-optation. However, I do not argue that this explanation is exclusive, as it is context dependent. To examine this phenomenon, I drew data from government websites, international reports, journal articles, news outlets, and other online resources. Thus, this study intends to contribute to the understanding of autocrats’ decision-making strategyies.