The negotiating of non-binary genders in muslim Bugis society : between religion and tradition

Abstract

This research examines the concept of five genders in the Muslim Bugis Society in Bone, South Sulawesi. The Bugis society recognize five gender such as oroane (male), makkunrai (female), calabai (male who take on female gender roles), calalai (female who take on male gender roles) and bissu (a gender considered to represent the full spectrum of gender). There is a gap between the belief of the gender system in the local tradition of Bugis society and the Islamic perspective, as it is known that the majority of the people are Muslim. The focus of this research study refers to three points. First, of the existence of non-binary gender adapts to the Islamic religious norms that apply in the Bugis Muslim society as well as the discussion of non-binary gender in Islamic studies discourse, second, how the identity of non-binary gender understood, accepted and negotiated in the context both religion and tradition and last, their challenges and opportunities that non-binary genders face in fighting for their identity. this research uses a qualitative method with a case study in Bone region, South Sulawesi, the data collection technique include interviews with the individual who identify as non-binary gender, the community leader and the government agency as well as document analysis from several sources. This research argues that the existence of non-binary genders in Bone region is a form of traditional belief that demonstrates a unique diversity of gender identity that does not violate the pure teachings of their religion. In fact, the path of bissu is one way to lead a path that is in accordance with Islamic teachings. Their existence also faces challenges such as pros and cons due to various issues as well as stigma and discrimination embedded in society. The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of non-binary genders as part of gender diversity and explain the resilience of cultural traditions in face of social and religious change.