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The use of spatial reasoning to solve mathematical problems across number, algebra, and data and uncertainty domains among 8th-grade junior high school students
Fakhrur Razi; Destina Wahyu Winarti; Risa Haridza (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-08-21)
Spatial reasoning has been widely studied, with evidence showing a strong relationship to students' mathematics achievement. However, most studies have focused on geometry and on primary/early-level students. Therefore, this study aims to explore students' use of spatial reasoning in solving mathematical problems across numbers, algebra, and data and uncertainty, which remains underexplored. This study employed a sequential mixed method design. In the quantitative phase, a predictive correlational design was used to examine the relationship between spatial reasoning and its constructs and students' mathematical problem solving performance across numbers, algebra, and data and uncertainty. The sample consisted of 213 8th-grade students from six public junior high schools in Depok City, selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Mathematical Problem Solving Test (MPST) and the Spatial Reasoning Test (SRT), and were analyzed using regression analyses. In the descriptive qualitative phase, the participants consisted of 13 8th-grade students selected purposively to represent mathematics domains across numbers (n = 4), algebra (n = 5), and data and uncertainty (n = 4). The data were collected using the Mathematical-Spatial Problem Solving Test (MSPST) and a semi-structured interview instrument. The quantitative results revealed significant predictive relationships between overall spatial reasoning and overall mathematical problem solving performance. In terms of specific constructs, spatial visualization and mental rotation predicted students' algebra problem solving performance, while spatial orientation predicted performance in data and uncertainty. The qualitative findings indicated that spatial reasoning played an important role in supporting understanding of the problem context, facilitating the construction of mathematical models, terms, and symbols, and driving the planning of strategies or mathematical procedures. The findings also showed that students with developed spatial reasoning were able to construct effective mental representations to understand the problem, leading to appropriate problem solving, although procedural fluency remained an important factor. In contrast, students with less developed spatial reasoning or those who did not use spatial reasoning experienced difficulties in understanding the problem and determining appropriate problem solving strategies. In addition, the qualitative results showed that spatial language potentially enabled students to conceptualize objects and organize relational information, thereby initiating the construction of mental representations that support spatial reasoning. Then, visual representations functioned as operational tools that allowed students to externalize, manipulate, and mentally transform these representations, as well as serving as outcomes of the spatial reasoning process itself. Schematic imagery was found to be more effective in emphasizing spatial reasoning in mathematical problem solving. This study has several limitations, including the use of convenience sampling in the quantitative phase, an imbalanced qualitative sample that underrepresents performance in each mathematics domain, and the potential for interpretative bias in the qualitative analysis. Based on this study, future research may consider conducting intervention studies integrating spatial reasoning with procedural, exploring students' cognitive processes in constructing representations, and explaining the relationship between spatial language and visual representations to facilitate spatial reasoning.
Pesantren transformation in Java : leadership strategies and institutional adaptation in response to social and political change
Nadhif Muhammad Mumtaz; Nina Nurmila; Lukman Nul Hakim (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-07-20)
The transformation of pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) in Indonesia is best understood as a negotiation between preserving traditional values and meeting modern demands. Much has been written about what changed inside pesantren, but far less about how change was achieved, and through what leadership and structural conditions. This thesis addresses that gap through a qualitative multi-site case study of two traditional pesantren in Java, asking what was transformed, what drove the transition, which strategies were used, and what challenges and opportunities arose. The study develops an Integrated Socio-Technical Leadership Framework, combining Michael Fullan's theory of educational leadership with Frank W. Geels's Multi-Level Perspective, with Discourse Network Analysis (DNA) used to map who says what to whom. Four findings emerge. First, both sites moved from mysticism and legitimacy grounded in absolute traditional authority toward practical functionality; governance shifted from the charismatic figurehead to a rational-managerial approach led by reformist actors. Second, the transition was driven by an institutional existential crisis, that is, uncertainty over the institution's survival, and by a strategy to remain relevant nationally and internationally. Third, the strategies employed mark a shift from the charisma of the 'single-fighter' kiai to the systemic power of networks, pursued through radical systemic disruption and evolutionary integration. Fourth, managing the resulting tensions requires institutional ambidexterity: exploiting traditional legitimacy while exploring modern functionality. The DNA metrics indicate that this redistribution of power is operative rather than nominal. Reformist leaders at both sites held the highest influence in their networks (37.88% and 48.49% betweenness centrality), while regime defenders remained structurally isolated (14.06% degree centrality; 0.00% betweenness centrality) despite high vocal participation. The framework therefore argues that institutional leaders must reform the regime itself, replacing a faulty structure with more systemic and professional governance. The future of the pesantren rests less on the charisma of a single kiai than on systemic network governance able to answer local and global demands.
Artificial intelligence and carbon emissions : impact, mechanisms and policy strategies in OECD and BRICS economies
Hamadou, Issa; Teguh Yudo Wicaksono; Hamidi, M. Luthfi (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-07-20)
Climate change has become one of the most pressing issues facing humanity prompting countries to look for alternative solutions. In the light of this, AI is seen as a versatile technology that can efficiently transform and solve climate change issues. This dissertation uses different analytical frameworks to assess how AI effect carbon emissions and under which policy conditions AI is considered as an effectively decarbonization tool for OECD and BRICS economies. This first paper examined the impact of AI on carbon emissions by comparing OECD and BRICS countries and assessing the moderating role of R&D. A dynamic panel model using the GMM estimation, PCSE and DK are applied. Two categories of data, spanning from 2013 to 2023 for the AI investment variable and from 2012 to 2022 for the AI project variable, are used. In addition, we utilised AI patent data spanning from 1980 to 2023 to verify the robustness of the results. The baseline estimation of AI investment and AI impactful projects on carbon emission in the short run, as well as the long run, shows that AI adoption has a positive impact on carbon emissions. The interaction of R&D changes the positive effect into a negative one. Therefore, the effect is channelled through green innovation, clean energy adoption in AI software development. In the baseline model, AI increases emissions in both BRICS and OECD while the interaction of R&D shows a strong mitigating effect of AI on carbon emissions in OECD. Nevertheless, in BRICS, the coefficient is negative in sign but does not reach conventional significance thresholds, suggesting a weaker institutional capacity to channel R&D into green outcomes. The robustness results using AI patents also confirm that AI increases emissions. The second paper examines the transmission channels through which AI affects carbon emissions by focusing on energy systems and assessing the dynamic, nonlinear patterns of this effect across emissions quantiles by using a panel data set of 52 countries from 2012 to 2022. We computed the AI index variable using PCA. A dynamic panel with a GMM approach and panel quantile regression with nonlinear are used. The dynamic analysis shows a dynamic J-curve pattern in which AI initially increases emissions however, when the AI efficiency gains are materialized, it reduces carbon them. The mechanism analysis showed that AI increases emissions through increased energy intensity and reduces them through renewable energy development. The nonlinear effect suggests an inverted U similar to the EKC hypothesis with low emitting countries having more favourable emissions reduction effects. Using a System Dynamics (SD) modelling, the third paper evaluates policy options that potentially affect AI adoption and carbon emission trajectories in OECD and BRICS economies in three policy scenarios between the year 2024 and 2074. Findings indicate that OECD nations experience faster AI diffusion and greater emission reductions, driven by more powerful digital infrastructure and stronger absorptive capacity. Interestingly, the pre-2030 interventions have almost doubled cumulative savings compared to late action and combine policy instrument yield better results.
Bioenergy and green growth in Nigeria
Baita, Abubakar Jamilu; Dian Masyita; Rizky Wisnoentoro (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-07-17)
Nigeria has abundant bioenergy, besides oil and gas. Harnessing bioenergy potential would facilitate Nigeria's green growth goals of strong decoupling, emissions mitigation, and domestic biofuel development to ensure sustainability, energy security and affordability Furthermore, Nigeria is revisiting her biofuel policy to promote domestic biofuel production. The policy aims to reduce emissions in the transport sector, increase employment, and saves foreign exchange. However, this policy depends on economic feasibility and competitiveness of local production. Therefore, this study aims to achieve three objectives. The first objective examines the role of bioenergy supply in decoupling economic growth from GHG emissions. The second objective analyses the optimal sectoral pathway for promoting environmental sustainability. The third objective aims to analyse ethanol demand and evaluates its economic feasibility and social impact. Chapter two examines the role of bioenergy supply in decoupling GHG emission in Nigeria. The findings show that bioenergy supply contribute to GHG decoupling between 2000 and 2023. However, there are variations as the time passes by. Nigeria has strong GHG decoupling (2000-2009), weak decoupling (2010-2014 and 2020-2023), and negative decoupling (2015-2019). Income and population contribute negatively to GHG decoupling, while intensities of energy and GHG contribute to decoupling trend in Nigeria. Similarly, decreasing share of fossil fuels relative to bioenergy has contributed to emission decoupling. Chapter three analyses the optimal bioenergy deployment to mitigate sectoral emissions. By applying autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), the results indicate that deployment of total bioenergy increase GHG in the short term; however, it has no environmental impact over the long term. On the other hand, deploying biofuel in residential and commercial sector is the emission mitigation pathway. In addition, biofuel has the potential to improve environmental sustainability in transport sector. Chapter four analyses bioethanol demand and its economic competitiveness and social welfare impact. The findings establish substitution between ethanol and petrol. Meanwhile, domestic bioethanol development has positive gross margin, and modest payback period of 6 years. However, the net present value (NPV) is negative which makes the production economically uncompetitive unless producers are incentivised. However, local bioethanol production has tremendous social welfare impact because it has large potential to generate indirect jobs in the feedstock value chain. Hence, the study concludes that scaling up production and consumption of sustainably produced biomass and biofuels is critical for green transition in Nigeria. The study recommends that government should provide fiscal support through rebating value added tax to producers. Energy regulators should promote public-private-partnership to encourage investments in biofuel development in Nigeria.
Decoupling norms and practices : religious freedom and international norms in Indonesia
Alamsyah; Jamhari; Moch. Faisal (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2026-08-10)
This study aims to analyse why and how Indonesia decouples the norm of international religious freedom. It advances the social learning theory to explain how state actors learn from social sanctions and their and other countries in adopting international norms. This study argues that decoupling, characterized by the state's stance of adopting international norms without fully implementing them in domestic policy, is not merely a result of Indonesia's vulnerable position under national and international pressures, nor is it a consequence of seeking incentives to uphold a favourable global image. Instead, decoupling is an outcome of social learning of state actors through interactions with strong elites or transnational advocacy networks. Rather than viewing decoupling as a uniform outcome, this study proposes three forms of decoupling that reflect the quality of interactions: thick, thin, and conditional decoupling. State actors have learned that decoupling constitutes the most effective strategy for responding to social sanctions while simultaneously preserving local norms, particularly the conception of a religious state embedded within Pancasila. State actors employ embedding and reshaping strategies in decoupling. To substantiate the argument, the study examines religious blasphemy law in two cases of decoupling in post-reformation period: the judicial review of Law No. 1/PNPS/1965 in 2009 and the enactment of Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code.