The changing impact of umrah on social status and identity in Indonesia

Abstract

This research explores the evolving relationship between religion, economy, pilgrimage, and consumer culture, with a particular focus on the practice of Umrah in Islam. The study highlights how religious beliefs and institutions have historically influenced economic behaviors and structures, transitioning from being central organizing principles in the pre-modern era to being influenced by capitalism and secularization in the modern era. The commodification of religion is a significant issue, where religious practices are integrated into the logic of the market and consumer economy. The multifaceted nature of pilgrimage, encompassing spiritual, cultural, and economic dimensions, is examined across various religions, with a focus on its significance in modern contexts and its overlap with tourism. In Indonesia, the rich historical connections with Saudi Arabia and the significant Muslim population position it as a hub for religious tourism, particularly for Hajj and Umrah. The development of religious tourism, driven by government and private sector initiatives like those of the Hanania Group, has substantial economic and social impacts. Urbanization and globalization have reshaped religious practices and consumer behaviors, with urban Muslim communities blending traditional values and modern consumerism. This study also delves into the motivations behind performing Umrah, which range from spiritual and religious fulfillment to social status and personal satisfaction. The research concludes that Umrah is not only a religious obligation but also a social phenomenon influencing individual and community identities, reflecting broader socio-cultural changes. The complex interplay between traditional religious values and modern consumerism is evident, with the popularity of religiously motivated consumer products illustrating this dynamic. Ultimately, despite trends towards secularization, religious beliefs and practices continue to play a crucial role in shaping economic behaviors and structures, underscoring the enduring importance of religious values in an interconnected and consumer-driven world. The ongoing transformations in the practice and perception of Umrah highlight the significant impact of globalization, urbanization, and technological advancements on contemporary Muslim societies.