Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia Repository
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Impact of mobile money on climate smart agricultural practices and GHG emission reduction in Kenya's agricultural sector
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2025-08-01) Majid, Ruwaida Mohamed; Istiana Maftuchah; Rininta Nurrachmi
This study investigates how mobile money facilitates the adoption of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices and reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through waste-to-energy transitions in Kenya's agricultural sector. Despite agriculture being a major contributor to Kenya’s GDP, farmers face severe financing constraints, receiving only 3.5% of total bank lending in 2023, which limits their ability to invest in sustainable technologies. This financial exclusion presents a significant barrier to climate mitigation and adaptation, particularly among smallholder farmers vulnerable to weather volatility and rising GHG emissions. Using monthly time-series data from 2008 to 2024, this study applies the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to analyze the impact of mobile money and financial inclusion on CSA adoption and GHG emissions. A scenario and sensitivity analysis were also conducted to evaluate farmers’ potential earnings from carbon credit sales through briquette compaction and organic fertilizer production. The results indicate that a 1% increase in mobile money use reduces GHG emissions by 0.384%, while a similar rise in financial inclusion leads to a 0.217% decline. Moreover, the scenario and sensitivity analysis reveal a compounding pattern: carbon revenue increases with both carbon price and adoption scale. At just 5% adoption and $20/tCO₂e, briquette compaction can yield $31.36 (KES 4,547) per farmer per month, enough to lift some above Kenya’s rural poverty line of KES 3,252/month. Even at base-case levels ($10, 1% adoption), farmers can earn KES 1,134/month, which can cover school fees or repay input loans. The study concludes that mobile money is a scalable tool to close the agricultural finance gap, enhance CSA adoption, and operationalize Kenya’s climate ambitions.
The effects of currency devaluation on Malawi’s trade balance : testing the Marshall-Lerner and J-Curve
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2025-08-01) Jonas, Ajibu; Indra Gunawan
Developing countries like Malawi often utilize currency devaluation to mitigate ongoing trade deficits and foreign exchange imbalances; yet, its efficacy remains ambiguous. The research examines the impact of currency devaluation on Malawi's trade balance, highlighting the applicability of the Marshall-Lerner condition and the presence of a J-curve effect. The study assesses short-term and long-term dynamics using annual time-series data from 1978 to 2023, applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology and the Error Correction Model (ECM). The ECM findings demonstrate that the real effective exchange rate (REER) adversely affects the trade balance in the short term, validating the initial decrease anticipated by the J-Curve hypothesis. The REER exhibits a positive and strong correlation with the trade balance over the long term, suggesting an eventual adjustment. The aggregate price elasticities of exports and imports (0.067) fall below unity, refuting the M-L condition and indicating inelastic demand. Macroeconomic indicators such as trade openness and GDP/Capita growth benefit the trade balance, while inflation and external debt have mixed effects. These findings imply that devaluation is not sufficient but must be supplemented by other policies. The study concludes that while devaluation has the potential to improve trade performance in the long term, its success in Malawi will depend on structural reforms to increase export competitiveness and reduce import dependence. Policymakers are advised to diversify trade, invest in productive capacity, and maintain macroeconomic stability for long-run external balance and sustainable development.
Evaluating the alignment of Thailand’s early childhood education policies with tadika institutional policies and their implementation practices
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2025-07-30) Waeji, Insof; Lukman Nul Hakim
This study aims to evaluate the extent of alignment between the national early childhood education (ECE) policies of Thailand and the TADIKA policies and how these policies are implemented into the local context in the southern region of Thailand. TADIKA (Taman Didikan Kanak-kanak) is an early childhood education institution based on Islamic teachings and operates in mosque areas or Muslim communities in the southern regions of Thailand. This study is rooted in the need to understand the relationship between the direction of the national policy and the reality of implementing TADIKA policy in institutions with unique religious and community characteristics. Emphasis is placed on the key dimensions in the 3A2S theoretical framework; Accessibility, Accountability, Affordability, Social Justice, and Sustainability which form the basis for analyzing national policy, TADIKA institutions, and its policy implemented as practices in the field. Furthermore, Institutional Theory is utilized to highlight the dynamics and factors of practice in TADIKA institutions. A qualitative approach utilizing three processes is used in this study. First, separate structured interviews with: six TADIKA principals, the TADIKA association director, and the NGO director. Second, we also conducted direct observation of the program implementation in one TADIKA from each region. And finally, this study analyzed policy documents from the national ECE of Thailand and government documents concerning TADIKA. Triangulation methods are used to ensure data consistency and to strengthen the credibility of the findings. Data analyses uses a thematic approach based on the 3A2S framework, with the help of coding from DNA (Discourse Network Analyzer) and visualization from Vis-one tool. Findings report the accountability and sustainability dimensions are dominant across all data collection methods. At the same time, the dimensions of affordability, accessibility, and social justice are seen to receive less attention in policy implementation, in terms of planning at the institutional level. In addition, there are good practices occurring at the TADIKA institutional level that offer local community resilience which is appropriate to the needs of their communities. Furthermore, in terms of alignment, there is a mismatch between the content of the national policy and its implementation at the institutional level, despite efforts from the central government to provide a comprehensive ECE policy. In particular, the value of accessibility and social justice is often limited due to weaknesses in terms of capacity and support for non-contextual policies. In addition, the results of the study show that these dimensions are still receiving less attention, which could be improved by strengthening the dimension of sustainability through long-term planning and comprehensive policies. This study also recommends that national early childhood education policies be formulated with a more flexible approach and sensitivity to local cultural contexts, to have mutual understanding and cooperation between the government and local communities.
Drivers of global electric vehicle (EVs) adoption : a comprehensive analysis of policy, infrastructure, and socio-economic factors
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2025-08-05) Rahmat Olii; Dionisius Ardiyanto Narjoko
This study aims to analyse the relationship between policy, infrastructure and socio-economic factors specifically measured by environmental awareness, fuel prices and per capita income on electric vehicle adoption from 2018-2023 in two country grouping classifications namely countries with the most electric vehicle adoption and countries with emerging electric vehicle adoption. This country grouping is based on the International Energy Agency (IEA) reference. This study uses a panel data regression model, fixed effects for measurement (model 1), namely the classification of all countries combined, the Random Effects model for (model 2), namely the country with the most electric vehicle adoption and the Common Effects Model for (model3), namely the countries with emerging electric vehicle adoption. This research concentrates on (Models 1 & 2). The results show that policies and infrastructure variable have a significant and positive effect on electric vehicle adoption in both country classification models, namely in country classification (models 2 & 3). These results illustrate the important role of the state as a key institutional actor driving the electric transportation transformation. and it shows that charging infrastructure is a significant driver of EV adoption even in the early days of the market. The socio-economic factors of environmental awareness and income per capita do not have a positive significant effect on the countries classified in (model 2), but the fuel price variable has a positive significant effect in this model, indicating that the countries with the most EV adoption means that the penetration rate of electric vehicles is determined more by existing infrastructure and strong policy support, rather than socio-economic factors. In addition, higher fuel prices may encourage consumers to purchase EV as a more affordable operating option. Meanwhile, there is no significant positive effect of the three socioeconomic variables on EV adoption in the country classification of (model 3), which suggests that socio-economic factors do not prove to be important as EV adoption in these countries is currently constrained by other structural factors, Individual decisions are heavily influenced by factors such as lack of charging infrastructure and lack of incentives or regulations. Therefore, despite increased environmental sensitivity, the growth of EV remains limited. The study implies that policies and infrastructure play a very important role in the adoption of EV in the countries studied, with supportive regulations, fiscal incentives, and provision of adequate charging infrastructure shown to accelerate the penetration of EV adoption.
A critical analysis of liberal rationale of the ECOWAS intervention in the Gambia 2016
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2025-06-12) Jawla, Famara Wassa; Muna, M. Rifqi; Sirojuddin Arif
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) military intervention in The Gambia was a result of president Jammeh's refusal to cede power in 2016 presidential election winner Adama Barrow. The intervention was seen as a successful regional mechanism in promoting democracy in a coup-prone region. The intervention motives are framed in line with maintenance of democratic principle hence the code name of the intervention, “intervention to restore peace”. However, there are no international or regional legal frameworks under which military intervention can be justified in the Gambian situation under the pretext ‘restore democracy’. Thus, ECOWAS undermines its own legal frameworks on justifiable cases of military means and the UN charter as the custodian of international peace and security. This thesis seeks to understand why ECOWAS reject UNSC resolution on political means. This study hypothesizes that, the ECOWAS intervention in The Gambia was influenced by the hegemonic interests of regional powers and the national interests of proximate states with significant stakes in the subregion. The findings reveal that Senegal as a proximity state and the hegemonic interests of Nigeria, result to the rejection of UNSC resolution to a political solution through diplomatic maneuver for a regional consensus on military intervention in the Gambia 2016.