2 Faculty of Social Sciences

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Browsing 2 Faculty of Social Sciences by Author "Anwar, M. Syafi’i"

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    Nahdlatul Ulama and the state : examining Nahdlatul Ulama's political flexibility in post-reformasi Indonesia
    (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2023) Libasut Taqwa; Anwar, M. Syafi’i ; Ridwan
    This study aimed to investigate the main factors that drove Nahdlatul Ulama's (NU) political flexibility in Indonesia's political history. It also demonstrates how Nahdlatul Ulama maintains its political flexibility during post-reformasi Indonesia. The reformasi (reform cra) was considered to have cleared the path for Islamic groups, including NU, to play distinctive political and electoral roles in keeping their interests in power. During this time, NU became a potent Islamic political force in relation to the state. It had a flexible political action that could either be accommodative or tend to support or oppose the regime, particularly based on its elite networks. Incorporating evidence from document reviews, NU's internal publications and autobiographies, personal correspondence, and interviews, this study demonstrates that the main factor driving NU's political flexibility post-reformasi is the network of its religious clite. This network can be divided into two categories: a knowledge network that spans years and a kinship network that represents the firm ties between the elite, society, and the government. By utilizing its network, NU has succeeded in moving flexibly and responding to the political situation in various periods of regimes in Indonesia. Second, this flexibility is present in NU's attitude, which has never been the same in dealing with the post-reformasi regime. At the same time, this flexibility is also shown by the distribution of NU elites among various political strains to, on the one hand, maintain and balance Indonesia's political stability, and on the other hand, also try to protect their organizational interests. It argues that during various national political opportunities, NU's familial connection became stronger in post-reformasi Indonesia. In particular, when it comes to issues at the local level, the scholarly network has greater influence over NU's political attitudes.
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    The political origins of religious rigidity and flexibility : the dissemination of contemporary political Islam in Malaysia and Indonesia
    (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2023) Aldi Nur Fadil Auliya; Jamhari; Anwar, M. Syafi’i
    Why do Moslim-majonty democracies express religious rigidity while others reflect flexibility Previous studies emphasize the religious constitutional forms and political rivalries in electoral competition between political parties chasing Muslim voters in addressing the question while overlooking the types of social capital within political struggle as a causal factor. This paper employs process tracing for theory-building and conducts comparative history in Malaysia and Indonesia. In proposing the interaction of two variables, political rivalry between political parties chasing Muslim voters and social capital to promote religious inclusivity, this thesis argues that the divergent power of social capital to promote religious inclusivity results in either political Islam expresses religious rigidity or reflects religious flexibility in a Muslim country with a democratic system. Malaysia is a case of weak social capital to promote religious inclusivity under political rivalry between political parties chasing Muslim voters, which triggers the undertaking of top-down Islamization policies in formal democracy and results in the spread of political Islam expressing religious rigidity. In contrast. Indonesia is a case of strong social capital to promote religious inclusivity under political rivalry among political parties chasing Muslim voters, which leads the policy to work from the bottom-up in the frame of substantive democracy and results in the dissemination of political Islam expressing religious flexibility.
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    The power and dilemma of informal poltical institution : a case study of 'Chiya Bhatti Baithak' and women's struggle for political participation in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (2008-2022)
    (Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2023) Shamim, Saemah; Anwar, M. Syafi’i; Nia Deliana
    This study investigates how Chiya Bhatti Baithak, an informal political institution in Kathmandu Metropolitan City, discourages women from participating in politics. The study's findings provide light on the challenges experienced by women in accessing resources, networks, and decision-making processes, leading them to leave the political arena by examining the impact of the unwritten rules, social and cultural norms, and networks that are the causes of the exclusive nature of Chiya Bhatti Baithak. The research design combined qualitative information from interviews with pertinent stakeholders and preexisting literature on informal institutions and women's political participation. It used both primary and secondary data. A thorough comprehension of the subject topic was attained by using a qualitative approach. This study adds to the corpus of knowledge by providing compelling proof of the specific ways through which Chiya Bhatti Baithak limits women's political participation. It draws attention to the necessity of inclusive political settings that respect and welcome all participants. To create successful solutions that tackle the underlying issues behind informal institutions, advance gender equality, and ultimately increase women's political involvement in Kathmandu Metropolitan City, further research and exploration in this area is required.