Islamic Studies

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14576/12

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Open Access
A Decade of Charitable Crowdfunding and Its Impacts on the Social Justice Trajectory of Islamic Philanthropy in Indonesia
(Society for South-East Asian Studies, 2023-12-31) Bhirawa Anoraga
This article aims to investigate the development of charitable crowdfunding and its impacts on Islamic philanthropy and its social justice trajectory in Indonesia. As the largest Muslim country in the world, Indonesia has thrived and undergone some legal and programmatic revolutions to promote social justice through Islamic philanthropy. However, this study demonstrates that the rapid growth of charitable crowdfunding in the last decade has some impacts on the social justice trajectory of Islamic philanthropy, particularly in the areas of inclusivity, sustainability, and governance. This study draws from the case of Kitabisa, the largest crowdfunding platform in Indonesia, by conduct-ing interviews with the founders and users and observing their online interactions on the platform and social media. This study also collects data on Muslim philanthropic Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that actively used Kitabisa to raise funds, with special attention to Aksi Cepat Tanggap (ACT), one of Indonesia's largest Muslim philanthropic NGOs. This study found that the trend of crowdfunding has amplified the inclusive space in Indonesian philanthropy where Muslim NGOs actively provide social services and enact collaborations with non-Muslims. However, through crowdfunding, Muslim NGOs have become more accommodating toward short-term social programs or ‘charity’. The crowdfunding trend has also raised accountability and transparency issues in Indonesian philanthropy. This study argues that the broader involvement of grassroots actors, either individuals or informal communities, through crowdfunding explains its impacts on Indonesian Islamic philanthropy’s trajectory for social justice.
Open Access
A study of Fatwa-making : Indonesian Ulama Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia, MUI) and classical Islamic discourse on interfaith marriages
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2023) Muhammad Arrafii; Syafiq Hasyim
The issue of interfaith marriage has become a religious polemic that continues to exist in society. In Indonesia, the Indonesian Ulama Council (or Majelis Ulama Indonesia) has issued fatwas banning religious differences since 1975, 1981, 1986, until 2005. All of which prohibit the marriage of Muslim men with non-Muslims. Interestingly, the MUI's fatwa opposed the majority of classical scholars, because Muslim men with non-Muslim women are permissible in classical literature. On the other hand, Muslim communities in Muslim-majority countries have progressively transcended racial, religious, and social differences. The rate of interfaith marriage in Muslim countries is increasing due to globalization, which has raised such controversial issues that some contemporary scholars have reinterpreted the issue based on understanding the related scriptural text. However, this study will examine the interfaith marriage of the MUI fatwa by reviewing the views of classical scholars on the issue. This study aims to answer questions about: first, how legal doctrine proposed by classical scholars and contemporary scholars is; second, the background to the MUI fatwa and the basis for the arguments presented; and third, the dynamics of the emergence of interfaith marriage rules in Indonesia. This study compared Islamic legal tradition with MUI fatwa arguments in its analysis. This study employs classical Islamic literature such tafsir books, the book of comparative figh madhhab (or schools), and MUI's document related to the study's topic. However, this research revealed that the Islamic legal tradition has influenced the formulation of the fatwa-making on interfaith marriage from the MUI'S standpoint, which disregarded modern viewpoints when examining the interfaith marriage issue. This study adds to the body of information or range of perspectives on the subject of interfaith marriage.
Open Access
A study on Islamic values evolution in sekolah Islam terpadu (integrated Islamic school)
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2024) Farah Hasballah; Nakissa, Aria
This study aims to analyze the evolution of the integration of Islamic values within the Integrated Islamic School Network (Jaringan Sekolah Islam Terpadu, JSIT) curriculum book (Standar Mutu). JSIT serves as a network or organization and not as an educational institution. The JSIT curriculum initially included Hadiths and Quranic verses, emphasizing Islam's fundamental writings and Muslim Brotherhood leaders' contributions to Indonesia's independence. However, recent editions have shifted to integrating nationalism with Islam, aiming for a more inclusive and centrist approach. This study examines the changing landscape of Islamic education under JSIT, which includes 2568 Islamic schools in Indonesia. Understanding these changes is crucial for Indonesia's educational environment. The methodology employed within the curriculum of JSIT from 2003 to 2023, is by focusing on the revisions made to the “Standar Mutu” book across five editions. To make sense of the shifts in the "Standar Mutu" course outline, I'll be drawing on Gunes Tezcur's Moderation Theory. This theory posits that organizational resources, free electoral competition, and governmental repression are the three causal forces that impact change. I want to find out which of these routes impacts the JSIT school curriculum revisions. This was due to the political conditions at that current time, the meaning of Pancasila and nationalism were no longer used as tools to gain power by the government, so JSIT also did not keep its distance. Apart from that, because JSIT wants to be more relevant with elements of "kekinian" (which is in accordance with the times) and "kedisinian" (local). This is considered important for JSIT, because with a total of 2568 schools under JSIT's responsibility, there are also schools that are apolitical and commercial and they also have the same principles as JSIT to combine Islamic values into the subjects taught. This study sheds light on the relationship between nationalism and Islamic principles, which helps to explain the dynamic curriculum changes in Indonesian Islamic education. It demonstrates the relationship between religion and the state, the application of moderation philosophy, and the global impact on Islamic education.
Open Access
Absent husband between tradition and modernity : examining the implementation of Islamic family law in contemporary Indonesia
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2024) Inna A'thoina; Zezen Zaenal Mutaqin
This thesis examines the status of absent husbands in contemporary Indonesia from a socio-legal perspective, which demonstrates the dynamics in determining the law between classical Islamic law and the modern legal system on the implementation of family law that occurred when applied in a modern context. This research with a socio-legal approach employed an integrated method between normative juridical legal research by obtaining court decisions from the last five years (2020-2024) to make it relevant to current conditions and statutory documents as primary data and empirical juridical research by conducting an in-depth interview, consisting of an abandoned wife of the absent husband and the lawyer who dealt with this case. This study presents two key arguments: First, the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) in Indonesia, intended to codify and unify Islamic law, has not adequately addressed the issue of absent husbands, leading to varied judicial interpretations and potential legal injustice, unlike the clear guidelines provided by classical Islamic jurisprudence. Second, the common waiting period of two years for an abandoned wife to file for divorce in absent husband cases appears to be related to the form of "taklik talak" (a unilateral divorce declaration by the husband) that has existed since the Dutch colonial era. The research also highlights the significantly higher number of "ghaib" cases (where the wife files for divorce due to the husband's disappearance) compared to "mafqud" cases (where the court determines the legal status of a missing person) in Indonesia over the last five years, with a 10% increase in divorce rates during 2020-2021 due to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study contributes to the scholarly discourse on the evolving nature of Islamic family law in the face of modern challenges, emphasizing the need for a more holistic and comprehensive approach that combines formal legal requirements with a deeper understanding of the underlying social and ethical issues to achieve greater equality and justice for abandoned wives in absent husband cases.
Open Access
Acces to Islamic education in Afghanistan : female Madrasa under the rule of the Taliban
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2023) Adel, Samiullah; al-Marakeby, Muhammad
Madrasa is designed for young Muslims to receive education on Islamic subjects such as Fiqh, Quran, and Hadiths. In this connection, Madrasa can be seen as a vast ground for promoting Islamic education and equipping students with extensive knowledge of Islam. Madrasas teach an Islamic system of principles based on established standards and laws of behavior in Afghan society. On the other hand, Madrasas remains to serve both male and female students in almost all Muslim countries. Afghanistan as a Muslim country also established a female-only Madrasa. Women choose a madrasa for actively imparting Islamic knowledge to young Muslim boys. The research investigated female access to madrasa after the takeover of the Taliban in Afghanistan. Under the Taliban's control, Afghan women who attend madrasas have particularly struggled to get access to Islamic education. Taliban's regime keeps gender inequality alive by reducing the chances for women to advance personally, gain economic independence, and actively participate in society. Nevertheless, this thesis argues that it is simplistic to think of the Taliban as the main reason for depriving women of getting educated. I suggest here that the issue of women's access to education in Afghanistan is more multi-layered and sophisticated than what we used to assume. The thesis primarily suggests two points: first, it is problematic to think of the whole of Afghanistan as a homogenous place where every city and village has the same reason for not allowing women to receive an education. Second, it is reductive to think of the problem from a state-centric perspective as if the problem is only about law.
Open Access
Afghan youth's expectation for educational, economic and political development during the reign of Taliban
(Islamic Studies and Development Center Universitas Negeri Padang, 2023-03-30) Adel, Samiullah; Bhirawa Anoraga
Various aspects of life have been dramatically shifted when the Taliban conquers Afghanistan recently. However, the changes occurring in sectors of education, economy, and politics have been acquired as the prominent issues to be discussed for the three factors will become the ground of the country's development. Thus, the study will be concentrated on the expectation of young Afghani for their country in the three aspects of education, economy, and politics. The study employs the qualitative method of the phenomenological approach. The data is acquired through in-depth interviews with twenty-five informants, consisting of five scholars, seven academicians, and thirteen influential youngsters in Afghanistan. Analysis of the data is conducted through Interactive Miiles and Hubberman technique. The findings indicate four expectations of young Afghanis in general. First, gender equality in education sectors that males and females should gain similar opportunities at every level of education. Second, the duration of primary education should be shortened to twelve years as the reign recently requires elementary education for fourteen years. Third, the current curriculum should be reformed to be a more systematic, professional, and skill-oriented curriculum that graduates are qualified for job demands. Fourth, Despite of high-income tax which almost gains 50%, the reign should lower the income tax to 10% to invite investors to arrive in Afghanistan. Fifth, it is expected that the reign establishes political stability for every community group and the international world. The findings are expected to be relevant input for the reign of the Taliban for a better Afghanistan in the future.
Open Access
al-Ḥarāk al-ṣūfī wa al-da’wah al-insānīyyah fī Indūnīsīyā: Ḥālah al-Ḥabīb Abī Bakr al-’Aṭṭās al-Zabīdī
(Center for the Study of Islam and Society (PPIM) Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta, 2024) Syamsul Rijal; Musa Alkadzim Alhabsyi
Studies on Ba'alawi preachers in Indonesia have predominantly focused on popular figures who utilize new media and popular culture in their preaching to appeal to young Muslims. However, there has been a lack of attention given to Ba'alawi preachers who avoid publicity and prioritize humanitarian activities. This article examines the case of Ḥabīb Abū Bakr al-‘Aṭṭās al-Zabīdī (popularly known as Abuya/My Father by his followers), who has garnered a significant following across several Indonesian provinces. His followers regard him as a generous, peace-oriented Sufi who not only advocates for spreading peace and kindness but also embodies these values through humanitarian acts towards those in need, regardless of their religion or ethnicity. This article explores his mobility in business and da'wah across Indonesia and analyzes the methods he uses to distribute charities and empower Muslim communities. The case of Habib Abubakar demonstrates that Sufism transcends mere individual asceticism and detachment from worldly possessions; rather, its spiritual essence is manifested through active involvement in social and humanitarian affairs.
Open Access
Arab spring and ulama’s discourse on khurūj : (dis)connecting classical political concept to modern context
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2024) Muhammad Faris Ibrahim; al-Marakeby, Muhammad
One of the characteristics often attributed to Sunnī political discourse is its permissive attitude towards political despotism. This perception gained further relevance starting in 2010 during the Arab Spring revolutions when prominent ulama such as ‘Alī Jum'a, the Muftī of Egypt, ‘Abd Allāh ibn Bayyah, the head of the Fatwā Council of the United Arab Emirates, and Sa’īd Ramaḍān al-Būṭī, the head of the Union of Ulama in Syria, chose to oppose the revolutionary movements and legitimize the power of the status quo regimes. In justifying their anti-revolutionary stances, they referred to the views of pre-modern ulama who rejected the legitimacy of rebellion against unjust or corrupt ruler (al-khurūj alā al-ḥākim al-ẓālim aw al-fāsiq). This study aims to trace the development of this khurūj as a concept from the early Islamic period through the medieval era and how it was subsequently referenced in the context of modern nationstate during the Arab Spring by ‘Alī Jum'a, Ibn Bayyah and al-Būṭī in opposing the revolutions. This research employs Peter L. Berger's theory of social reality construction, arguing that social reality is essentially formed by the process of externalization, where individuals project their thoughts, ideas, and experiences into the social world. This is precisely the role played by these three ulama in shaping the political reality during the Arab Spring. Additionally, this study adopts a comparative approach to compare the premodern and modern ulama's discourses with paying attention to Foucault's genealogy concept that focuses on shifts that led to the emergence of new ways of thinking of khurūj as a concept in Islamic political law (siyāsa shar'iyya). This study found that resistance to political despotism has been present since the early Islamic period and continued through the medieval era, manifesting in both violent opposition, such as armed rebellion (khurūj), and peaceful opposition, including verbal protests and mass actions like demonstrations, strikes, and sit-ins. However, by the end of the followers (tābi’īn) period, peaceful approaches became the predominant method among the ulama, with a consensus claim emerging among ulama to prohibit armed rebellion (khurūj) against unjust rulers. This research argues that the tendency of ‘Alī Jum'a, Ibn Bayyah, and al-Būṭī to selectively adopt specific pre-modern ulama's views on the concept of khurūj, based on their anachronistic reasoning regarding the complex realities (wāqi’) of the Arab Spring, has shaped their anti-revolutionary discourses, which directly or indirectly legitimize political despotism.
Open Access
Balancing orthodoxy and flexibility : substantive and accommodative approaches to women’s rights in Qaradawi's fiqh
(Faculty of Sharia & Law UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2024-12-31) Waskito Wibowo; Rusli Hasbi; Madi, Ahmed Abd Raziq Ali
The initiation of the minority fiqh concept for Muslims in countries with a non-Muslim majority is like a coin with two sides. On one side, it is seen as a threat to the established schools with their structured and well-defined methodologies, as it is often suspected of involving talfīq—combining opinions from various schools by selecting the most lenient fatwas. On the other hand, this concept represents an intellectual innovation aimed at helping minority Muslims remain committed to the principles of sharia amid a reality that does not fully support their religious practices. This paper critically investigates whether Qaraḍāwī adheres to a consistent methodology he designed, specifically whether he remains faithful to the principles he espouses or deviates by selectively borrowing opinions across schools. Taking some of his fatwas contained in his book entitled Fī Fiqh al-Aqalliyyāt al-Muslimahas the main object, this study argues that Qaraḍāwī, although, does talfīq in his fatwa by borrowing opinions from several ulama or schools, he consistently adheres to the methodology he established. This approach offers a legal framework that is accommodative yet rich in pragmatic nuances, resulting from a consistent synthesis of various opinions. Furthermore, on a broader scale, this concept provides a framework that balances flexibility with orthodoxy.
Open Access
Balik-Islam in Mindanao : the transformation of religious identity among the reverts in Southern Philippines
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2025-07-29) Angkay, Charlene; Bhirawa Anoraga
This thesis examines the Balik-Islam experience in Mindanao, emphasizing that it is not just a one-time transformative event but an ongoing process of identity formation through multiple stages over time. It addresses the lack of understanding of post-conversion experiences among the Balik-Islam reverts outside BARMM and the scholarly neglect of identity development processes among Muslim reverts in Mindanao. Using a qualitative lifestudy approach, this research draws on the experiences of fifteen Muslim reverts living outside the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), specifically in areas such as Davao City, General Santos, and Sarangani. The study aims to explore how BalikIslam reverts construct and negotiate their religious identity in non-BARMM areas amid sociocultural and institutional challenges. I introduce the concept of "liminal religiosity" to describe the spiritual and social state of these reverts, who exist in a limbo due to historical marginalization, sociocultural ambivalence, and institutional neglect. In Mindanao, Islam functions as a form of historical memory. Balik-Islam reverts face double marginality—they are distanced from their Christian family backgrounds and excluded from ethnolinguistic communities of born Muslims, where ethnic identity often influences religious legitimacy. The subsequent discussion and analysis draw on Rambo's idea of the "consequences" of conversion and Turner's concept of liminality to illustrate how they maintain and develop their faith amid suspicion, bureaucratic invisibility, and legacies of conflict, especially after the Marawi Siege in 2017, which created new memories of distrust as part of Muslim identity reformations. Despite these challenges, Balik-Islam participants demonstrate remarkable resilience and agency. They navigate their uncertain sense of belonging related to their contested religious identity through informal social networks of fellow believers, grassroots religious learning methods, and personal spiritual practices. This research, based on in-depth interviews with the Balik-Islam individuals outside the Bangsamoro region, shows that adopting a Balik-Islam identity is more than just a return to Islamic roots; it involves moving across places of fluid faith and belonging, layered with engagement and exclusion. The study provides original empirical insights into Philippine Islamic studies and global frameworks of conversion. It highlights the need for future research on how institutions approach and support conversion to Islam in their long-term efforts for integration and participation within Muslim communities. It also explores how emerging expressions of religious belonging influence the ability of BalikIslam individuals to gain recognition within those communities.
Open Access
Before orthodoxy; the story of Abraham's sacrifice (dzabīh) in early muslim commentaries
(UIN Sunan Gunung Djati, 2024-01-30) Azhari Andi; Hamdi Putra Ahmad
The story of Abraham's sacrifice holds significant place in Islam, and what Muslims believe about Ishmael as the intended sacrifice is not the only belief in the Muslim tradition. This paper examines the historical transformation of Abraham’s sacrifice narratives in Muslim commentaries (tafsīrs), with a focus on revealing how, when, why, and at whose hands this transformation occurred. Employing the theory of tafsir as a genealogical tradition of Walid A. Saleh and adopting a socio-historical approach, this paper investigates the evolution of the interpretation of the story of dzabīh from Isaac to Ismael and the factors contributing to this evolution. The analysis reveals that in the first four centuries of Islam, Muslim interpretations and attitudes regarding the story of dzabīh were the complete opposite of what is common today. Muslim commentators, such as al-Suddī, Ibn Juraij, Muqatil ibn Sulaiman, al-Thabarī, and al-Samarqandī, firmly believed that Isaac is dzabīh. However, Ibn Athiyyah and al-Baghawī, the commentators of the sixth century hijri, showed different responses towards this story, neutral and favoring Ismael as dzabīh. Additionally, in the eighth century Hijri, Ishmael as dzabīh gained orthodoxy and popularity, as demonstrated by Ibn Taimiyyah and Ibn Kathir. They condemned the pro-Isaac as heretical interpretation and rejected it. Even though they disagree with the proIsaac commentators, they still quoted the narrations and opinions of previous commentators by providing counter-arguments, and this is what is called tafsir as a genealogical tradition. Furthermore, power dynamics and the socio-political setting of the eighth century may have had an impact on this change in the story of dzabīh. This evolution highlights the dynamic nature of Islamic interpretation, where interpretation is not necessarily static but evolves over time, shaped by historical contingencies and socio-political dynamics. This historical reevaluation illuminates the complexity of Islamic intellectual history and the fluidity of religious interpretation in the Muslim tradition.
Controlled Access
Between falsification and authentication : tracing Imāmī Shīa perspectives on Uthmanic mushaf
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2024) Muhammad Alan Juhri; Abdillah, A. Mughzi
This research examines the shift and the development of Imāmī Shīa perspectives concerning the authenticity of the Uthmanic Mushaf. Tracing the views of prominent Imāmī Shīa figures from the early era to modern times reveals an ambiguity between falsification and authentication of the Uthmanic Mushaf. The focus of this research is not to clarify or determine which stance most accurately represents the original Imāmī Shīa viewpoints on the Uthmanic Mushaf, but rather to analyze and uncover the factors behind each attitude of acceptance and rejection. This research employs a qualitative methodology, integrating historical and socio-political approaches. The historical approach traces the shifting views of Imāmī Shīa scholars regarding the Uthmanic Mushaf from the early Islamic period to the modern era. Meanwhile, the socio-political approach analyzes how social and political dynamics have influenced Imāmī Shīa scholars' views on tahrīf (falsification) and the Uthmanic Mushaf’s integrity. The research reveals that the majority of early Imāmī Shīa, up until the early 4th/10th century, rejected the integrity of the Uthmanic Mushaf and promoted the issue of taḥrīf. Political rivalry over succession following the Prophet's death, coupled with the ongoing perception of Shīa persecution and marginalization under the Umayyad and Abbasid Sunni dynasties, were primary factors for this rejection. From the late 4th/10th century onwards, significant Imāmī Shīa figures began to shift towards accepting the Uthmanic Mushaf’s integrity and refuting the issue of tahrīf. This early acceptance emerged during the Shīa Buwayhid dynasty's rule, driven by at least three factors: the role of the Mu'tazilah in political knowledge towards rationalization, political strategy by getting closer to Sunni orthodoxy, and the development of Shīa doctrine due to the occultation (ghayb) of the last Imām. In the modern era (19th-20th centuries), with the increasingly complex Sunni-Shīa conflict involving geopolitics, debates on taḥrīf and the integrity of the Uthmanic Mushaf have resurged. Some Imāmī Shīa scholars have maintained the initial views, continuing to campaign taḥrīf as a form of resistance against Sunni dominance. Conversely, the majority voice of Imāmī Shīa scholars have massively refuted the accusations of tahrīf as a stance of resilience and part of efforts towards rapprochement (taqrīb) between Sunnis and Shīas. Based on these findings, this research argues that the two Imāmī Shīa views on the Uthmanic Mushaf’s integrity— falsification and authentication—both influence and are influenced by the prolonged political conflict between Sunnis and Shīas.
Open Access
Between salafi and sufi : ibn taimiyyah’s critique of al-qusyairi’s views on sufism
(University of Darussalam Gontor, 2023-11-28) Hamdan Maghribi; Alfina Hidayah
This article discusses two sects that are often contrasted: Salafi and Sūfī. It focuses on the views of Ibn Taimiyyah al-Harrānī as a representative of Salafi and ‘Abd al-Karīm al-Qusyairī of Sūfī-sunnī on Sufism. By analyzing the works of Ibn Taimiyyah and al-Qusyairī on Sufism, this article explores Ibn Taimiyah’s critical notes on al-Qusyairi's views on Sufism. Ibn Taimiyyah wrote no less than thirty-eight treatises on Sufism and cited more than forty Sūfī texts in explaining and analyzing his views on Sufism. Al-Qusyairī, on the other hand, describes in detail the Sūfī figures and their views in his Risālah. He also included his Sufistic analyses in Laṭāif al-Ishārāt. Using an interpretative approach and content analysis, this article finds that Ibn Taimiyyah did not reject Sufism. He rejected the practice of Sufism that he thought was not intertwined with the Qur’ān and Sunnah. This is evident from his respect for al-Qusyairī, whom he called al-Syaikh al-Ustāż, and Mutaṣawwifah Ahl al-Kalām, a term of honor within the Ṣūfī order. Nonetheless, Ibn Taimiyyah notes that al-Qusyairī’s quotations in his work are not followed by references and explanations. In explaining the practice of zuhd, al-Qusyairī did not provide examples from the ṣahābah and tābi’īn to strengthen his argument.
Open Access
Between tradition and transformation in Indonesia : pilgrimage celebration among the Madurese
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2023) Yutsrina Azimah; Yanwar Pribadi
This study explores the transformation of pilgrimage traditions in Madura, an Indonesian island with a distinct Javanese-Islamic mixed culture. Departing from the acculturation of local culture and educational level, this study examines the various factors that influence pilgrimage celebration negotiations in Madura. In addition, this study highlights the importance of pilgrimage as a lifelong aspiration for Madurese individuals and its celebration in enhancing their social credibility. The fieldwork research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing ethnographic methods to explore the cultural and social dynamics surrounding pilgrimage celebrations. It is also draws upon Gennep's three stage rite of passage framework to examine the pilgrimage tradition in Madura. In addition, study highlights the tensions and negotiations occur in the Madurese using Weber's rationality to explores the transitions and complexities of the pilgrimage tradition. The result indicate that the pilgrimage celebration has undergone the change. This study found that pilgrims contributes to the transformation of pilgrimage celebration, it can be said that the pilgrims somehow have power legitimacy to influence the contemporary Madurese perception on pilgrimage celebration. This study is expects to providing insights of the complex interplay between tradition and transformation of pilgrimage celebration in Madurese society festivities.
Embargo
Beyond the traditional narrative : examining the intersection of Islamic law and humanitarian responses to address the complex needs of male victims in conflict zones
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2025-08-01) Telman, Ulzhan; Zezen Zaenal Mutaqin
This thesis challenges the dominant humanitarian narrative that exclusively centres “women and children” as the primary victims of conflict, thereby rendering male victimhood structurally invisible. Focusing on the intersection of Islamic law and humanitarian practice, the research interrogates how cultural, legal, and theological frameworks have contributed to the marginalization of male survivors, particularly those subjected to sexual violence, forced recruitment, and psychological trauma. Through critical engagement with Qur’anic ethics, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (the higher objectives of Islamic law), and classical jurisprudential tools such as taʿzīr (discretionary punishment) and ṣulḥ (reconciliation), this study reimagines a more inclusive, survivor-centered paradigm rooted in Islamic tradition. The central research question guiding this study is: How can Islamic law be effectively integrated into humanitarian efforts to address the needs of male victims of conflict? To explore this, the research employs a qualitative methodology grounded in doctrinal analysis and multi-sited case studies. It draws on examples from Afghanistan, Somalia, and post-ISIS Iraq to explore how Islamic ethical principles have been variously weaponized or operationalized in humanitarian interventions. It also addresses key barriers to implementation cultural stigma, institutional illiteracy, and legal tensions between Sharia and international humanitarian law, and proposes a three-stage framework for culturally responsive humanitarian programming: Islamic needs assessment, intervention design, and participatory evaluation. Findings reveal that while Islamic law is often misused to justify exclusion, it also contains powerful ethical resources that, when reclaimed and contextualized, offer the possibility of holistic, trauma-sensitive, and gender-inclusive care. The research demonstrates that interventions grounded in Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, rather than rigid fiqh literalism, can align Islamic humanitarian ethics with contemporary protection needs. Overall, this thesis argues that integrating Islamic legal ethics into humanitarian practice is not only possible but necessary for achieving gender-inclusive justice. Rather than rejecting tradition, it calls for reclaiming Islamic law as a dynamic, ethical system capable of restoring dignity (karāmah) and protection for all victims of war, regardless of gender. In doing so, the study contributes to both humanitarian reform and Islamic legal renewal, offering practical and theological pathways toward a more just response to suffering in Muslim conflict zones.
Open Access
Bridging realities : navigating pop-culture media for equitable muslim portrayals through the prism of moderation in post-9/11
(Faculty of Ushuluddin and Islamic Thought, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2024-07-17) Muhammad Nuril Fauzan
The influence of media on the formation of attitudes towards Muslims and Arabs in the period following the 9/11 attacks resulted in the propagation of harmful stereotypes and the increase in hate crimes targeting Muslims and Arabs during this time. This was also spread by the role of media, including popular culture media, in disseminating these negative narratives. Using a qualitative approach, this study aims to examine the media’s endeavours to depict Muslims in a positive portrayal and the dearth of meaningful sources documenting these empathetic endeavours through the prism of moderation, especially in post-9/11. This article argues that Evelyn Alsultany's notion of Simplified Complex Representation serves as a gateway for the media's effort to showcase Muslims and Arabs in a more nuanced way.. There are tons of instances that have been analysed from TV dramas, movies, and comics to demonstrate how the media shapes people’s perspectives of Muslims and Arabs. The article contends that media is not merely a mirror of societal views but a powerful agent capable of shaping and modifying perceptions.
Controlled Access
Building religious algorithmic authority through different religious community : new preacher and interfaith podcast in digitalizing Indonesia
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2024) Moch Dimas Maulana; Bhirawa Anoraga
Existing studies on religious authority often focus on the construction of Islamic religious authority within the Muslim community. The present study seeks to provide a distinct and contrasting perspective by arguing that Islamic religious authority can be built within a network of communities of different religions, which has been made possible through what Clay Shirky calls algorithmic authority. In contrast to conventional approaches to authority, algorithmic authority is grounded on individuals based on their influence and digital footprint determined by the number of followers, likes, shares, and comments generated by their content. This qualitative study employs digital ethnography to observe Ustadz Dennis Lim, a casino-boss-turned preacher, as its case study. My observations indicate that despite being initially unknown to the public, Dennis gained immense popularity following his appearance on a YouTube podcast with a non-Muslim influencer, Sumargo. Dennis’ popularity is evidenced by Google Trends data showing a significant increase in searches for his name. Within three months since then, he has appeared on some YouTube podcasts of four non-Muslim influencer channels, producing nine podcast videos and gaining more than 20 million views. This shows Dennis’ consistent efforts to build authority through interfaith podcasts with non-Muslim influencers on YouTube. Conversely, a notable decline occurred when Dennis do not appear in a podcast with these influencers for a long period. However, there was a remarkable increase in online searches for Dennis when he recommenced creating podcasts with them, creating a Ramadan podcast series that generated over 30 videos with more than 20 million views. The findings were generated from my Zoom online interviews with Ustadz Dennis Lim, his scheduling manager, and the media team. I also interviewed some of his offline congregants to understand their perspectives on Dennis’ podcasts with non-Muslim figures. The interviews reveal that such interfaith podcasts do not always denote the pluralist orientation of Indonesian Muslim netizens, as they hope that these non-Muslim podcasters will convert to Islam. Nevertheless, these interfaith podcasts have boosted Dennis’ popularity on social media, which in return has also constructed his authority among Muslim netizens in Indonesia.
indefinitely restricted
Challenging Islamic orthodoxy : Bahāʾīsm and Aḥmadiyya as new religious movements — a comparative study in Bangladesh’s mainstream Islamic landscape
(Universitas Islam Internasional Indonesia, 2025-07-22) Hasan, Md. Mahdi; Nakissa, Aria
Open Access
Child exploitation by parents in early marriage : case study in Cianjur West java, Indonesia
(Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, 2023-11-30) Yayan Sopyan; Zezen Zainal Muttaqin; Cucu Solihat; Jaenal Aripin
Parents should protect their children. Child exploitation by parents is a cruel act. One form of parental deprivation of children’s rights is to marry them at an early age. In Indonesia, the rate of early marriage is still above 10% of all marriages. There is a trend of early marriage with Arab men in tourist destinations such as Puncak-Cianjur, West Java, after the increasing number of tourist visits from the Middle East. This research used a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach to explore informant' experiences, interpret their experiences, and give meaning to their experiences. Data were collected through observation and in-depth interviews using the Snow Bowling Effect method. The results of the research were analyzed using the framework method. This research found that parents determine the occurrence of early marriage. The drivers of early marriage are economic interests and religious dogma. Parents were influenced by biyong (marriage broker) in making decisions. Biyong took advantage of half of the dowry. Meanwhile, children’s consent to marry was influenced by religious doctrines that caused them to be altruistic and follow their parents' wishes. This research recommends the government be stricter in supervising foreign tourists and socializing the dangers of early marriage and mutáh marriage with foreigners.
Open Access
Classical insights, contemporary relevance : understanding tafsīr bi-al-maʾthūr in qurʾānic studies
(Departmen of Al-Qur'an and Tafsir Studies, Faculty of Ushuluddin, University of Darussalam Gontor, 2025-02-01) Hasan, Md. Mahdi; Choirul Ahmad; Islam, Md. Rafiqul
This paper explores tafsīr bi-al-maʾthūr, or tradition-based Qurʾānic exegesis, examining its core elements, interpretive diversity, and relevance in both historical and contemporary contexts. Defined by reliance on the Qurʾān itself, prophetic traditions, and the interpretations of the Companions and Successors, tafsīr bi-al-maʾthūr is foundational in Islamic scholarship for preserving original meanings of the Qurʾān. However, its dependence on early sources raises questions about its adaptability to current ethical, legal, and social issues within Muslim communities. Through a qualitative analysis, this study investigates primary interpretative methods within tafsīr bi-al-maʾthūr, including tafsīr al-Qurʾān bi-l-Qurʾān, tafsīr bi-l-ḥadīth, and interpretations by the Companions and Successors. The paper reveals how tafsīr bi-al-maʾthūr maintains Qurʾānic authenticity while offering insights into its potential relevance for contemporary applications. This study contributes to Qurʾānic studies by affirming tafsīr bi-al-maʾthūr as both a resilient and adaptable approach, balancing fidelity to foundational texts with interpretive flexibility in modern Islamic discourse.