Scholarly Works - Public Policy
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Item Open Access Sustaining wheat in a changing climate : policy recommendations for Egypt's agricultural sector(ZAIN Publications, 2024-09) Karem Rouby Islam; Rokaya Ragab Abdalla RagabThis paper discussed the challenges facing the agricultural sector and food security in Egypt due to climate change, which are: desertification, sea level rise, and water resources, such as the resources of the Nile River, groundwater in the Nile Delta, groundwater reservoirs, in addition to rainfall. The researchers discussed the impact of all these factors on the wheat crop's agricultural area. The wheat crop is especially important to Egyptians, as they rely on bread, which is the main derivative of wheat. This paper also developed four solutions to confront the effects of climate change on wheat in Egypt, and the solutions represented in (1) Development of new wheat varieties that are more resistant to heat and drought, (2) Disseminate and improve sustainable wheat farming practices, (3) Generalizing the cultivation of the most productive wheat varieties, such as Misr 1 and 2 varieties, Sids12, and Giza 171, (4) Reducing the loss of the wheat crop in its various stages, starting from the harvest stage, through the transportation and storage stage, during the milling operations, and ending with distributing the final product to the consumer. The researchers evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of these solutions and chose the most appropriate and easiest to implement among them. The recommendations in this paper are designed to serve as a policy reference for agricultural sector decision-makers focused on climate change and sustainable food security.Item Open Access The rule of reason approach in discriminatory practices : airlines and telecommunications industry sector(Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, 2024-07-28) Sharda Abrianti; Anna Maria Tri Anggraini; Ahmad Sabirin; Mardohar, Joice Chintya; Fernandez, Séréna OrtigosaDiscriminatory practices are standard in business competition and are not prohibited as long as they do not cause unfair competition. This paper will discuss three Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) decisions in 2020 related to alleged discriminatory practices committed by business actors. The subject matter in this paper is how the actions of business actors can fulfil the elements of violation and how the application of the rule of reason approach in Article 19 letter d of the Competition Law (1999) in the 2020 KPPU Decisions. This research is descriptive normative research. The data used in the book, articles, the new paper analyzed the Competition Law (1999), the Airlanes law (2009), the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (2008, amendments 2016 & 2024), and the Hajj and Umarah Law (2019), as well as interview an expert and KPPU. The interesting findings found that acts of discrimination cause obstacles in vertical business relations in different but interrelated relevant markets and often occur in the essential facilities sector. By using the rule of reason approach, KPPU found that discriminatory practices will be more effective if the business actor is in a dominant position or even occupies a monopoly position. Then, the three decisions in this discussion are equally suspected of violating Article 19 letter d on discriminatory practices. Then, related to the relevant market, the three cases have different markets, and also all three have vertical relationships with other business actors.Item Open Access The establishment of LAPS SJK in the trajectory of history viewed from the politics of Indonesian law(Faculty of Law, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, 2024-04-30) Setiyono Setiyono; Dinda Keumala; Ahmad Sabirin; Nur Ezan Rahmat; Syaqila Binte Suzaini; Anandayu Pavita BayuajiIntroduction to the Problem: The history of the formation of the LAPS SJK is based on the importance of consumer protection in the financial services sector. According to the law concerning the role of the Financial Service Authority, the institution is given the authority to facilitate the settlement of complaints from consumers who are harmed by the finance actors. The OJK then issued regulation (POJK) Number 1/POJK.07/2014 concerning Alternative Dispute Resolution Institutions in the Financial Services Sector (LAPS SJK) which was later replaced by regulation Number 61/POJK.07/2020. Purpose/Objective Study: This research examines, how is the history of the LAPS SJK formation and how is the legal politics of the formation. Design/methodology/Approach: This research is normative, using a historical approach. It applies a descriptive method with the secondary data. Findings: The interesting finding is that the establishment of LAPS SJK is to protect consumers in the event of a dispute with the financial actors, so the legal politics regulating the LASP SJK should be an integrated part of the political scheme of consumer protection law. Institutionally, the legal politics of establishing LAPS SJK is motivated by 3 (three) reasons. The initial reason is the establishment of OJK which has a determinant role and function to supervise integrated financial services business activities for the capital market, banking, and non-banking sectors. Another reason is the reality of the advanced development of technology in the global financial services sector, and the last reason is the need of the parties involved in the financial services sector industry; both consumers and finance actors who need an ideal non-court dispute resolution institution.Item Open Access Have crops already reached peak suitability : assessing global climatic suitability decreases for crop cultivation(IOP Publishing, 2025-01-22) Mombo, Vhiny-Guilley; Duvallet, Mathilde; Schaeffer, Michiel; Baarsch, FlorentCrop yield and the availability of arable land are impacted by climate change, leading to effects on global patterns of production and trading. To gain more precise insights in how future climate change might lead to redistributing productive crop areas, we developed a new method to assess climatic crop suitability, which combines temperature and precipitation suitability through water balance calculations. We applied the method to evaluate the effects of climate change under two climatic scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5), using an ensemble of five GCMs, for nine crops (Arabica coffee, cassava, common beans, common wheat, maize, plantain, rice, sorghum and sugarcane) for four periods of time: past (1995-2014), present day (2015-2034), medium term (2040-2059), long term (2080-2099. We observed that the fraction of area with optimal suitability might be on a downward trajectory for coffee, cassava, beans, wheat and plantain, and could be halved by the end of the century. The tropics and sub-tropics are negatively affected for all crops, while mid-latitudes see large decreases in suitability for beans, wheat and maize. Global patterns show that suitability decreases at local levels (in about 30% of the global area for bean and wheat) are not compensated by increases in suitability elsewhere (in about 19% of the area for bean and wheat). As relocation and expansion of production areas are constrained by available arable land, other strategies might be considered to improve suitability, such as irrigation, which would increase the area of optimal suitability from 5-25% to 40-50% of total arable land for the nine crops. Drainage could improve the optimal suitability area fivefold for maize and sorghum, while shading increases suitability for coffee (by up to 20% in both cases). The increased risk of food supply shortages led by climatic suitability loss may trigger increased deforestation if adaptation measures are not implemented.Item Open Access Nickel mining reduced forest cover in Indonesia but had mixed outcomes for well-being(Elsevier, 2024-10-21) Lo, Michaela J.Y; Morgans, Courtney L. ; Truly Santika; Sonny Mumbunan; Nurul Winarni; Jatna Supriatna; Voigt, Maria; Davies, Zoe G.; Struebig, Matthew J.Soaring demand for nickel to support the low-carbon transition is driving extensive mining in mineral-rich countries, but the environmental and social impacts of nickel mining remain underexplored. Here, we use a counterfactual approach to examine nickel-mining outcomes on forests and the well-being of nearby communities in Sulawesi, Indonesia—a region renowned for its biodiverse tropical forests and now a global center of nickel production. By examining changes across 7,721 villages between 2011 and 2018, we show that deforestation in nickel-mining villages nearly doubled. During the early stages of mining, environmental wellbeing, living standards, and education outcomes declined, but improvements were observed in health, infrastructure, and social relations. Environmental well-being continued to substantially deteriorate in the later stages of mining production, especially in villages with already high poverty. These findings highlight the environmental and social consequences of nickel mining, underscoring the need for greater accountability of local outcomes if the sector is to support a just and sustainable low-carbon transition.Item Open Access A systematic map of evidence on the relationship between agricultural production and biodiversity in tropical rainforest areas(Springer Nature, 2024-06-02) Via Apriyani; Mukhlish JM Holle; Sonny MumbunanBackground The tropical rainforest biome plays a significant role in providing habitats for terrestrial biodiversity and delivering ecosystem service values, contributing to agricultural production. However, the increasing demand for tropical commodities with high economic value threatens this humid ecosystem and its biodiversity. To our knowledge, no studies have systematically mapped the relationship between the impacts of agricultural production on biodiversity and the effects of biodiversity on agricultural production in tropical rainforest areas. Methods Since we were interested in systematically mapping the evidence measuring the impact of tropical agriculture on biodiversity (Map 1), and the vice versa relations, the influence of biodiversity on tropical agriculture production (Map 2), we developed a respective set of search strings, eligibility criteria, and subsequently performed independent searching, screening, and data coding processes. We searched articles from six peer-reviewed databases and 22 gray literature sources. Articles were screened based on the inclusion criteria at the title, abstract, and fulltext levels. Individual articles that passed full-text screening were coded and synthesized to create heatmaps. Selected information of interest was also extracted and visualized in the graphics which were clustered based on the year of publication, geographical distribution, type of rainforest, exposure, outcome, farm commodity, and study comparators. Review findings Two heatmaps were generated from a contrasting number of references, with heatmap 1 extracted from 222 studies and heatmap 2 derived from 10 times fewer references (n=20). In heatmap 1, impacts of land conversion to aboveground biodiversity and wild species and ecosystem functions in natural ecosystems were the most common relationships examined, with 115 articles and 62 articles, respectively. Conversely, heatmap 2 showed evidence that focused predominantly on the examination of the links between the impacts of genetic resource diversity on environmental factors and soil management in tropical agricultural production, with four articles each exploring these relations. Conclusions These systematic maps reveal that while studies investigating the impacts of tropical agricultural production on biodiversity were abundant, studies examining the impacts of biodiversity on tropical agricultural production were lacking despite both systematic maps experiencing an increasing trend of publication during 2000– 2020. Map 1 emphasized the examination of the effects of land conversion on aboveground biodiversity, and on wild species and ecosystem functions. Map 2 highlighted the influence of crop genetic resources on environmental factors, and on soil management as the most frequently studied. The evidence cluster identified here can be the starting point for further systematic review study (to assess, for example, their cause–effect significance).